考研英语阅读突破――判断、推理和引申

2014-06-11 | 网络

判断、推理和引申题型考查考生在现实生活中的阅读技能即快速、准确推导出所需信息的能力，要求考生能够看懂题目提供的四个选项并在文中检索相关信息。这种题目比较耗费时间，在紧张的考试中，容易给考生带来心理压力，因此面对此类题型考生首先要调整心理状态，细致冷静地返回到文章中，结合语境，运用逻辑思维去推导答案。这里查字典公务员考研英语名师杨凤芝老师提醒考生一定要记住：西方人习惯用从个别到一般的演绎思维模式;不同于中国人的从一般到个别的归纳思维方式。

面对判断原则的题目，考生必须先读懂题目所给的四个选项，记住它们的意思，返回原文去扫描，搜寻信息点，与题目不相关的句子、语段很快掠过，相关信息语言区域则要求考生必须细致地对照原文中的信息，来推倒出相关结论。

引申即为词汇的外延，与内涵相对，是需要我们结合上下文即语境来理解说话人或作者的真实想法。例如，当你对你的朋友说：咱们周末一起去吃饭吧!而你的朋友回答道：我最近有考试。那么在正常情况下，你就知道对方没时间和你度周末。可见语境是我们理解话语(discourse)的试金石。并且引申也常常用隐喻的方式表达。

【举例说明】判断、推理和引申原则有两种题型：

1. 一正三误

要求考生找出四个选项中惟一正确的一个，检验答案时要注意这种题型最常采用的

三种命题方式是：正话反说、反话正说和关键词替换。例1997年第64题：

No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats. Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, says Luce. I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.

[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner

[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise

[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate

[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive

2、三正一误结构

要求考生判断哪一个选项与文章不符。检验答案时有两种方式，一是正确选项所给的信息在文中根本没有提到过，二是正确选项所给信息与文中其他内容相互冲突。

例2(1996年第56题)：

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage, as well as listening to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 yearsyet the BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBCincluding ordinary listeners and viewersto say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporationof whom there are manyare fond of quoting the American slogan If it aint broken, dont fix it. The BBC aint broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channelsTV and Channel 4were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channelsfunded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptionswhich will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?

[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.

[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

[C] Potentials for further international co- operations.

[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.

综上所述一正三误与三正一误结构，我们可得出例题中的答案分别为D，C。

【学习指导】

从广义上讲，几乎所有的考研题都是推理题，不会从字面意思告诉你问题的答案，考研的试题追求的是对文章的深层理解及推理，所以从这个意义上说全部的题目都属于该范畴。

从狭义上看，该类题型指题干上有三个典型词，即infer，imply和conclusion。如：What can you infer from the story? 或What is the implied meaning of this sentence? We can draw the conclusion from the passage that, 推理性问题原文中没有现成的答案。答案是你自己推想出来的，但不能凭空瞎想，必须以原文中某句话或某个词语为依据去合理推测才能找到合适的答案。

逻辑推理关系解题方法如下：

1.确定逻辑关系。主要有：并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等：

A.并列递进关系：标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;

B.转折关系：标志词汇有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;

C.因果关系：标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等;

D.解释关系：标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等。

2.解题步骤

第一步：通读全文，尤其是首末段，迅速得知文章的主旨大意;

第二步：通读选项，在每个选项下边用笔标记本选项的大致中文意思，以做到心中有数，至少应该能知道可以供考生选择的选项的意思范围，并且在很短的时间里找到考生想找到的选项;

第三步：回到文章中的空白处，分析空白处的上下文，结合前面的解题方法得出需要的选项;

第四步：把自己选择的选项带入原文，检测是否文章前后连贯，检测所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。

3.解题技巧