2016考研学习交流群:410257364
对于考研英语,大部分同学都认为词汇非常重要,却很少有人将语法的重要性纳入思考的范畴。其实,英语语法在咱们的考研中是举足轻重的。虽然它并没有以直接考查的单选形式出现在考研英语的试卷中,但是却如同一只隐形的手掌控着每一句话,等待同学们前来挑战。所以,语法的重要性是不言而喻的,同学们很有必要掌握这些高频语法知识,从而拿下考研英语这只纸老虎。
前面我们讲到了实词能够独立承担句子成分,那么相对于实词的另一种词则是我们这次要学习的虚词。换而言之,虚词即不能独立承担句子成分的词汇,须和实词一起共同来担当句子成分。它包括冠词(art.)、介词(prep.)和连词(conj.)。
1. 冠词,包括a/an/the,一般与名词搭配,如:a beautiful girl, an unforgettable journey, the adorable cat
* 通过冠词+n这一搭配,我们可以判断很多兼具动词和名词词性的生词用法,如:
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.(2011年Text 1)
这句话里面的talk比较常见的用法是作为动词谈论来使用,但是在这个地方那个talk前面加了一个冠词the。根据冠词+n的搭配,我们可以很快地判断出talk在这里是作名词的用法,其意思是谈资。所以,通过冠词我们可以判断它后面跟着的词是何种词性。
2. 介词,有in, at, off, above, on, through, above, with等等。在考研英语完型里面的高频介词有十个,我们称之为完型十大小词,包括about, across, against, by, for, through, off, on, over和with。它们可以与名称、动词、形容词和副词搭配。那么,在这几个搭配里面,最重要的是介词与名词和动词的搭配,这也是我们考研英语里面的一个高频考点。
① 介词与名词的搭配,这在长难句中随处可见。介词+n这一结构使得句子变得长且复杂,如:
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.(2007年Text 1)
在这句话中,介词than出现了一次,介词of出现了两次,介词in出现了3次。介词+n的搭配会出现了两次,分别为the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament和in the earlier months of the year than in the later months。正是由于这两个部分的加入,整个句子边长且变复杂了,也就是传说中的长难句。所以,理解和掌握介词+n的搭配是分析长难句的工具之一。
② 介词与动词的搭配在完型填空这一题型中考查得非常普遍,如get这个动词就可以跟很多介词进行搭配且意义不同:
get across 通过,使被理解
get about 传播;旅行;积极参加社会活动;(病后)走动
get on 上(车、飞机等);紧张,使前进
get off 下(车、飞机等);动身;脱下(衣服等);
③ 介词与形容词的搭配,如be afraid of(害怕,恐怕),be satisfied with(对满意),be sure about(确定,确信)等。
④ 介词与副词的搭配,如come up with(提出,想出,赶上),get along with(与和睦相处;取得进展)等。
3. 连词,顾名思义,是指在句子中起连接作用的词,分为并列连词和从属连词。可以连接连词的存在使得句子变得长且难。
① 并列连词有and, or, so, but等,其中前三个表示连接的前后结构一致、内容意思相近或相同;后一个but表示转折意义的并列,即连接的前后结构一致、内容意义相反。它们既可以连接词和短语,也可以连接句子,如
Lucy and Angie will go shopping together this Sunday.
It involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.(2007年Text 1)
Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. (2007年Text 3)
② 从属连词有what, which, who, when, where, where, why, how, that等,后面一般连接句子,作为从句出现在句子中,从而使得句子由简单句变成了复合句,加大了同学们理解句子的难度,如:
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented -- and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined.(2002年Text 2)
这个句子中出现了两个从属连词,分别为what和that。What引导的从句是they found,是一个主语从句;that引导的从句是the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented -- and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined,是一个表语从句。
由此可见,虚词虽然无法独立充当句子成分,但是它却是成就长难句的关键所在,特别是介词和连词的使用。所以,虚词这一部分的知识点也需要同学们高度重视,做到能够掌握其用法并且能够将其运用到分析长难句的思路和实践中来。
(本文作者为查字典公务员考研英语辅导名师朱丹)
【考研英语常考语法知多少――虚词】相关文章:
★ 2017陕西公务员考试申论范文:让更多百姓共享互联网发展成果