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考研英语的翻译题型中，既会考定语从句分翻译，也会考同位语从句的翻译。而很多同学都分不清这两种从句，所以当遇到这两种从句时就会遇到很大的问题。定语从句和同位语从句之所以容易弄混，是因为两种从句的结构很相似。下面老师就给大家讲讲定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
1. 从词类
同位语从句前面的名词只能是 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order 等有一定内涵的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句，如:
We heard the news that our team had won the game.我们听到消息说我们队赢了比赛。(同位语从句，先行词是news)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句，which代指逗号前面的内容)
2. 从作用上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴，如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句，如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略，that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替，如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)
【真题例句】
(1)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
【解析】
这句话的句子的主干是But the idea rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.其中原句中the idea 后面有一个that引导的从句，这是一个同位语从句，到rests on 前面结束，用来解释说明idea的内容，而且从句中不缺主语或宾语，句子时完整的。
译文：但是这个观点，记者必须比普通公民更加深刻地理解法律，取决于对新闻媒体的既定习俗和特殊责任的理解。
(2)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry /which seeks to study humans and endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and disspassioned manner/ that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
【解析】这句话中which 引导一个定语从句，做seeks to的主语,也就是从句中缺少主语。后面的that 引导的也是一个定语从句，做use的宾语，也就是从句中缺宾语。
译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图以同样理性，有序，系统和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为，而且自然科学家也使用这种方法研究自然科学。
(本文作者为查字典公务员考研英语辅导名师张明扬)
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